home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- <text id=91TT1031>
- <title>
- May 13, 1991: How To Go Back In Time
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- May 13, 1991 Crack Kids
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SCIENCE, Page 74
- How to Go Back in Time
- </hdr><body>
- <p>An unlikely new concept makes the journey theoretically possible
- by testing the boundaries of physics
- </p>
- <p>By MICHAEL D. LEMONICK
- </p>
- <p> Ever since Einstein, physicists have regarded the universe as
- four-dimensional. In addition to the three physical dimensions--length, width and height--there exists time, which is treated
- mathematically as though it were equivalent to the other three.
- But there is one important difference: while humans can travel
- freely in any physical direction--up and down, left and right,
- back and forth--they can go only forward in time, never
- backward.
- </p>
- <p> Still, there is nothing in the laws of physics that says
- time cannot run backward. Einstein's equations of motion work
- equally well, mathematically, when the direction of time is
- reversed. Yet no one has ever been able to travel back in time.
- Theoretical physicists find the situation intriguing: if the
- laws that govern nature really permit time reversal, there
- should somehow be a way to achieve it. Now a theorist at
- Princeton University has come up with a way that travel into the
- past might, in principle, be accomplished, even if it may not
- be practical.
- </p>
- <p> J. Richard Gott's calculations, which appear in the
- prestigious journal Physical Review Letters, create an imaginary
- time machine that takes advantage of an Einsteinian concept:
- that both space and time are distorted in the presence of very
- large masses or when objects are moving at speeds approaching
- the velocity of light. Gott is not the first to take this tack;
- in 1988 a Caltech physicist, Kip Thorne, and two colleagues
- constructed their own theoretical time machine and wrote about
- it in the same journal.
- </p>
- <p> The Caltech machine involved travel through a wormhole, a
- bizarre object that physicists believe might exist at the core
- of a black hole. Under the infinite density and gravity at the
- black hole's center, space could be so profoundly warped that
- a tunnel would form, far narrower than a subatomic particle,
- that might reach to some distant part of the universe. Anyone
- or anything entering the tunnel would appear instantly at the
- other end and, under special circumstances, would essentially
- travel into the past.
- </p>
- <p> It is hard to see how this particular time machine could
- be of much use. The time traveler would have to survive the
- crushing pressure inside a black hole and somehow squeeze
- through an opening smaller than a single atom. Moreover, since
- a wormhole tends to collapse a fraction of a second after it
- forms, some means would have to be found of propping it open.
- </p>
- <p> Still, says Gott, "it is an ingenious concept, and it got
- me thinking about other ways you might achieve time travel."
- Gott's idea is simpler than Thorne's. No black holes, no
- wormholes--just a spaceship traveling at near light speed, and
- a peculiar object called a cosmic string. Like wormholes, cosmic
- strings may or may not exist; they are at present just
- theoretical constructs.
- </p>
- <p> In this case the theories are those that describe the
- energy fields of the very early universe, shortly after the Big
- Bang. Under the right circumstances, physicists believe, very
- long, very thin strings of pure energy might have survived in
- their original state rather than cooling off with the rest of
- the universe. These cosmic strings would be infinitesimally
- thin but unbelievably dense, with a thousand trillion tons of
- mass for every inch of length. The enormous mass would warp the
- region around a cosmic string so that space itself would act
- like a distorting lens. Two light rays from a single source--a star, for example--could travel by two totally different
- paths, one on each side of the string, and still end up at the
- same place. The significant part of this theory is that these
- two paths could be of different lengths, depending on the
- position of the light source. And because light always travels
- at the same speed, one of the light rays would thus take longer
- than the other to reach its goal.
- </p>
- <p> It is this difference in travel time that sets up Gott's
- time machine. Imagine a rocket ship moving at 99.9999% of light
- speed and taking the shorter of the two paths. In principle it
- could reach the far side of a string at exactly the same moment
- as a light ray traveling the longer path. In essence the ship
- would be moving faster than light, and under the peculiar logic
- of special relativity, it would thus go backward in time. For
- complex reasons, the ship has to make a complete loop around the
- string, and thus a single string will not do; there must be two
- strings--passing each other at nearly the speed of light--for the trick to work. But work it apparently does. Says Gott:
- "I've gotten enormous interest from other physicists and
- astrophysicists about this idea."
- </p>
- <p> The reason is not that physicists really believe time
- travel can ever actually occur. But the fact that it appears
- possible in principle challenges the very foundations of
- physics. What does it mean if an effect can theoretically
- precede a cause? What if, to use a theme from science fiction,
- a person could go into the past and kill his or her grandmother
- at an early age? Such a concept appears to make no sense, yet
- it must have some meaning if Gott's and Thorne's ideas are
- correct, as they appear to be. Says Gott: "At some point physics
- will have to find some mechanism by which these things are
- forbidden, or else learn to live with them." With two examples
- in hand, the paradox can no longer be ignored.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
-